Impact of Hot Runners on Life Cycle Molding Costs

A 2008 study of North America Molders¹ on hot runner buying criteria concluded the following: Of greatest importance to the buyer was to purchase a high quality, high performing solution that was well supported in the field, durable and dependable, delivered on time, competitive on price and featured innovative technology (see Figure 1).

Buyers in the survey appeared to recognize that a hot runner can have a dramatic impact on the long-term cost of producing a molded component. If a hot runner cannot operate reliably, requires frequent maintenance, contributes to erratic quality, and/or impedes the speed at which the injection molding work cell runs, its initial cost is of little rele-vance to overall life cycle costs.

In determining the Life Cycle Cost (LCC) of a purchasing decision, the following five factors are critical in making the hot runner purchase decision:

1. Uptime (reliability and durability of the hot runner components)
2. Yield or scrap (time to change color, gate quality, fill balance, ease of startup, temperature uniformity, elimination of hang up spots in the hot runner and consistency of sequencing)
3. Speed or cycle time (fill balance, pressure loss, temperature control)
4. Part weight (ability to light-weight by reducing pressure loss, filling balance, controlling part to part variation)
5. Energy consumption (energy usage of the hot runner in controlling the heating/cooling sequence)
    

As Figure 2 shows just a one percent change can have an impact on annualized work cell costs. Less energy required, less resin consumed through faster color changes and by molding lighter parts, decreased cycle times and greater uptime all reinforces the importance of the design and build quality of the hot runner. So how should a buyer evaluate a potential hot runner purchase given these factors? We believe decision makers should consider the impact of temperature and pressure.

 

Temperature Factors

Since a hot runner’s goal is to convey molten resin to the cold half without adversely affecting rheology, precise temperature control all along its path is required. Two critical areas are involved: the manifold and the nozzle delivery system. Precise temperature control is not usually an issue with regards to the manifold, but can be problematic for nozzle delivery systems. Nozzle delivery systems come with either brazed in heaters (see Figure 3) or clamped on heaters. Clamped on nozzle heating solutions are less expensive than the brazed alternative, but are susceptible to hot spotting, corrosion and oxidation degradation, which is accelerated by heat. Air gaps between a clamped on heater and nozzle are unavoidable. This results in poor heat transfer and a need for higher temperatures in the heater band to compensate for wasted heat loss. This also accelerates oxidation and hot spotting. Hot runner solutions that do not incorporate brazed heaters are more likely to fail and will require more on-going maintenance over the life of the hot runner.

Interestingly, users of such systems indicated that they are more likely to accept decreasing production than to pull systems repeatedly out of production for nozzle repair and replacement given the time and costs involved.

Clamped on nozzle heating solutions are generally 20 to 100 percent less efficient in operation.² Heat transfer to the nozzle is inefficient and involves significant heat loss. As a result more energy is required to compensate for these losses. As clamped on heaters require more energy to achieve the same nozzle temperature as a brazed heater they are more expensive to operate.

Clamped on band heaters over time can shift position. This is problematic for high cavitation solutions where nozzle to nozzle temperature consistency is critical for maintaining part quality, part weight and gate finish. Brazed heaters cannot shift and so retain their position over their lifetime.

 

Pressure Factors

Hot runners generally operate at pressures up to 30,000 psi (200Mpa). Hot runner suppliers must provide solutions that can safely operate in these environments while in the process ensuring: equal filling to all cavities, efficient color changes and repeatable part quality. Key to achieving this is a manifold design that eliminates dead spots, provides optimum flow
paths and runner shapes.

Manifold design can be either achieved through gun drilling or via two-piece brazing. Gun drilling presents challenges when trying to optimize flow paths for issues related to balanced filling and fast color changes (see Figure 4).

 

Summary

If you believe that heat and pressure can impact performance leading to unplanned equipment shut downs, or planned shutdowns to undertake recommended maintenance, or a need to carry a high parts inventory, and provide special training to your maintenance group then a Life Cycle Cost analysis in advance of purchasing a hot runner solution may be in your best interest.

¹ Commissioned by Mold-Masters.
² Based on supplier testing and warranty length.